The video shows the transcription factors attach to the DNA strand. The green playdoh represents the activator protein which makes contact with the transcription factors. This contact releases the transcription factors and RNA polymerase starts to transcribe the DNA. The RNA polymerase takes in nucleotides complementary to the DNA strand it unwinds, and makes the RNA strand. The RNA polymerase reaches the termination codon and the RNA is completed.
The video for translation has RNA flowing out of the nucleus. This RNA then is grabbed by the ribosome, and translation occurs. As the RNA goes through the ribosome, tRNA with the complementary anti-codon moves into the A-site. The tRNA moves to the P-site and the amino acid is released, then next tRNA moves to the A-site. The first tRNA moves the E-site and leaves, as the other tRNA takes its spot and adds its amino acid to the first one. This repeats until the RNA strands runs out and the protein breaks away.
During interphase the DNA is not condensed and is being replicated. By prophase the chromosomes form, long with kinetochores. During metaphase the chromosomes align along the middle of the cell. The kinetochores start to pull and the sister chromatids divide into daughter chromosomes during anaphase. In telophase the nuclear envelope reform. Finally, the cell divides in cytokinesis.
Meiosis reduces and rearranges the chromosomes of a diploid cell. In prophase I of meiosis I, the chromosomes are rearranged from how the tetrads are formed. The two homologous chromosomes come together and form a tetrad, and where the two chromosomes cross, a crossing over occurs where parts of the chromosomes swap between the two. The tetrads are rearranged during metaphase I on how they line up down the middle of the cell. Hence, meiosis has rearranged the chromosomes. In anaphase I the tetrads are pulled apart, unlike in mitosis where the chromosomes are pulled apart, this difference reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell by half, making the two cells haploid. In interphase II, the DNA is not replicated keeping the cells haploid. The two cells divide again, and four haploid cells are produced.
Down Syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality caused by an extra twenty-first chromosome. Down Syndrome affects the phenotypes of the person by creating a distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, short stature, and or speech delay. Down Syndrome could result from a defect in meiosis while separating. During prophase I of meiosis, while crossing over of the homologous chromosomes, one of the chromosomes would not separate making two twenty-first chromosomes in a haploid cell, resulting in a Down Syndrome offspring.
Many species reproduce by parthenogenesis or cloning, bypassing the meiotic process. In cloning, the DNA is replicated and the organism divides. The DNA of the parent organism and the DNA of the offspring will be identical. This is because the parent organism copies the DNA and through mitosis, creates an offspring, so there is no genetic difference.
1. These systems are similar because they both have a receptor protein on the outside of the cellular membrane that starts the signal transduction pathway. Also, both use phosphate groups to activate proteins in the pathway.
2. The two are different as G-protein receptor systems use a protein to move the signal along. The tyrosine kinase receptor system uses kinase to give many proteins a phosphate group to activate them. This boosts the signal faster in the tyrosine kinase system over the G-protein.
3. Amplification occurs when one activated protein, signals another two proteins to activate, which those then both activate another two proteins, and so on and so forth, amplifying the signal.
a. I would look for a receptor that can bond with a variety of what can signal it, along with the receptors each having a different variety.
b. Dogs may have may more receptors than humans so they have a higher chance to receive a signal.
Over the 1st quarter I have done many projects. Beyond helping people with the simple computer problems that they have I have worked towards other activities. One was discovering the inside of an Apple tower and an Apple monitor, by prying open the soon to have been recycled and finding different components on the motherboard. Finding fans in the different towers I decided I was going to try my hand at soldiering again. img_4322 The first fan worked, a happy cheer erupted, and then the wires were switched accidentally when seeing if it would work again. The fan twitched, then smoked, then never worked again. After getting fans to work we moved onto disassembling broken net books and creating a net book without a casing just for fun. Thinking about the future, I hope to use two large fans I found and make a hovercraft with some mobility using old computer batteries and either cardboard or plastic shell. Hence, expanding from soldiering to 3D printing or laser cutting.
As for the Fairview advantage I believe I have used create, innovate, investigate, collaborate, communicate, and solve problems. Create and innovate going hand in hand with creating the desk fan, which is soon to be a hovercraft. Investigating occurred when I short circuited the fan and realized what went wrong. I had to work with others on some of my projects and so communication and collaboration were key.
